Traditionally, electronIC design automation (EDA) has been associated with IC design. The first tools were for transistor-level simulation;they evolved at Cal Berkeley to become Spice. The next class of tools were the computer-aided design (CAD) tools that helped designers interconnect the inpidual devices. Because these were the only tools available, CAD and EDA became synonymous with the IC design process.
This grouping of all EDA as IC design continues today. There are more than 150 IC design, verification and analysis tools in some companies, and the bulk of the EDA revenues come from the IC design sector. Although some add the additional category of computer aided manufacturing (CAM), that is more related to the actual manufacturing functions of running a factory.
The problem with this narrow definition of EDA is that it excludes some significant categories of tools. Electronic systems include many components besides ICs-there are printed-circuit boards, packaging, wiring and even software. To take the collection of components beyond the condition of a box full of parts, the manufacturing side must perform many assembly and test operations as well as test and analyze reliability and quality assurance.
As systems move through the continuum of processes of design and manufacturing, one of the important functions is the design for manufacturability (DFM) assessment. In the IC design phase, this review occurs after physical design in the parasitic extraction and analysis tools. The analysis may miss some important factors because the IC design process is fragmented into facets of consideration like timing, power, noise and reliability. The point tools that look at the various functions work in relative isolation.
At the pc-board level, the DFM analysis considers physical and electrical parameters like dimensions, noise and crosstalk, and device placement and placement order. This analysis phase starts to let the manufacturing considerations like vendor quality and delivery capabilities intrude into the review. A pc board might have a problem in manufacturing at one vendor, or some selected components may have unusual delivery or quality constraints. These constraints need to be addressed as early in the design cycle as possible to avoid problems in the first system deliveries.
Another area where manufacturing concerns enter is test. Even though a large majority of IC designers claim to consider design for test (DFT) as a part of the design function, most systems do not get anything more than component-level testing provided as part of the design-to-manufacturing handoff. The paucity of system-level test functions means that the manufacturing engineers have the same type of problem that the IC designers have in incorporating system-level function blocks into the design. The function block may have test vectors, but the operating environment is different because the part is no longer isolated.
The transition from design, to (virtual) prototype, to final product requires a wide variety of engineering disciplines and development tools. When engineers integrate entire systems onto a few pieces of silicon, the pisions among the various development teams-hardware, software, test and manufacturing-become blurred. Formerly easy or arbitrary decisions at the design level now have adverse consequences in other areas if the teams don't work closely together throughout the design cycle.
An inclusive view of EDA will look at all areas of electronic design where the application of computer-based tools assists the engineer in developing a product. The IC design process is only part of the whole set of functions that needs and uses computer-aided design tools. Without an integrated view of the entire design chain from initial concepts and specifications to delivery of systems, the production of the next-generation systems will become an exercise in futility.
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