Linux USB gadget设备驱动解析(4)--编写一个gadget驱动

时间:2009-09-24

  作者:刘洪涛,华清远见嵌入式学院讲师。


  一、编写计划

  通过前面几节的基础,本节计划编写一个简单的gadget驱动。重在让大家快速了解gadget驱动结构。

  上节中简单介绍了zero.c程序。这个程序考虑到了多配置、高速传输、USB OTG等因素。应该说写的比较清楚,是我们了解gadget驱动架构的一个非常好的途径。但把这些东西都放在一起,对很多初学人员来说还是不能快速理解。那就再把它简化一些,针对S3C2410平台,只实现一个配置、一个接口、一个端点,不考虑高速及OTG的情况。只完成单向从host端接收数据的功能,但要把字符设备驱动结合在里面。这需要有一个host端的驱动,来完成向device端发送数据。关于在主机端编写一个简单的USB设备驱动程序,有很多的资料。相信大家很快就会完成的。

  二、功能展示

  1、PC端编写了一个us^ransfer.ko,能够向device端发送数据

  2、对目标平台编写一个gadget驱动,名称是g_zero.ko

  3、测试步骤

  在目标平台(基于S3C2410)上加载gadget驱动

  # insmod g_zero.ko

  nAME=ep1-bulk

  smdk2410_udc: Pull-up enable

  # mknod /dev/usb_rcv c 251 0

  #

  在PC主机上加载驱动us^ransfer.ko

  #insmod us^ransfer.ko

  #mknod /dev/us^ransfer c 266 0

  连接设备,目标平台的终端显示:

  connected

  目标平台读取数据

  # cat /dev/usb_rcv

  PC端发送数据

  #echo “12345” > /dev/us^ransfer

  #echo “abcd” > /dev/us^ransfer

  设备端会显示收到的数据

  # cat /dev/usb_rcv

  12345

  abcd

  三、代码分析

  下面的代码是在原有的zero.c基础上做了精简、修改的。一些结构的名称还是保留以前的,但含义有所变化。如:loopback_config,不再表示loopback,而只是单向的接收数据。

  /*

  * zero.c -- Gadget Zero, for simple USB development

  * lht@farsight.com.cn

  * All rights reserved.*/

  /* #define VERBOSE_DEBUG */

  #include <linux/kernel.h>

  #include <linux/utsname.h>

  #include <linux/device.h>

  #include <linux/usb/ch9.h>

  #include <linux/usb/gadget.h>

  #include "gadget_chips.h"

  #include <linux/slab.h>

  #include <linux/module.h>

  #include <linux/init.h>

  #include <linux/usb/input.h>

  #include <linux/cdev.h>

  #include <asm/uaccess.h>

  #include <linux/fs.h>

  #include <linux/poll.h>

  #include <linux/types.h> /* size_t */

  #include <linux/errno.h> /* error codes */

  #include <asm/system.h>

  #include <asm/io.h>

  #include <linux/sched.h>

  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  static const char shortname[] = "zero";

  static const char loopback[] = "loop input to output";

  static const char longname[] = "Gadget Zero";

  static const char source_sink[] = "source and sink data";

  #define STRING_MANUFACTURER 25

  #define STRING_PRODUCT 42

  #define STRING_SERIAL 101

  #define STRING_SOURCE_SINK 250

  #define STRING_LOOPBACK 251

  //#define DRIVER_VENDOR_NUM 0x0525 /* NetChip */

  //#define DRIVER_PRODUCT_NUM 0xa4a0 /* Linux-USB "Gadget Zero" */

  #define DRIVER_VENDOR_NUM 0x5345 /* NetChip */

  #define DRIVER_PRODUCT_NUM 0x1234 /* Linux-USB "Gadget Zero" */

  static int usb_zero_major = 251;

  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  static const char *EP_OUT_NAME; /* sink */

  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /* big enough to hold our biggest descriptor */

  #define USB_BUFSIZ 256

  struct zero_dev { //zero设备结构

  spinlock_t lock;

  struct usb_gadget *gadget;

  struct usb_request *req; /* for control responses */

  struct usb_ep *out_ep;

  struct cdev cdev;

  unsigned char data[128];

  unsigned int data_size;

  wait_queue_head_t bulkrq;

  };

  #define CONFIG_LOOPBACK 2

  static struct usb_device_descriptor device_desc = { //设备描述符

  .bLength = sizeof device_desc,

  .bDescriptorType = USB_DT_DEVICE,

  .bcdUSB = __constant_cpu_to_le16(0x0110),

  .bDeviceClass = USB_CLASS_VENDOR_SPEC,

  .idVendor = __constant_cpu_to_le16(DRIVER_VENDOR_NUM),

  .idProduct = __constant_cpu_to_le16(DRIVER_PRODUCT_NUM),

  .iManufacturer = STRING_MANUFACTURER,

  .iProduct = STRING_PRODUCT,

  .iSerialNumber = STRING_SERIAL,

  .bNumConfigurations = 1,

  };

  static struct usb_endpoint_descriptor fs_sink_desc = { //端点描述符

  .bLength = USB_DT_ENDPOINT_SIZE,

  .bDescriptorType = USB_DT_ENDPOINT,

  .bEndpointAddress = USB_DIR_OUT, //对主机端来说,输出

  .bmAttributes = USB_ENDPOINT_XFER_BULK,

  };

  static struct usb_config_descriptor loopback_config = { //配置描述符

  .bLength = sizeof loopback_config,

  .bDescriptorType = USB_DT_CONFIG,

  /* compute wTotalLength on the fly */

  .bNumInterfaces = 1,

  .bConfigurationValue = CONFIG_LOOPBACK,

  .iConfiguration = STRING_LOOPBACK,

  .bmAttributes = USB_CONFIG_ATT_ONE | USB_CONFIG_ATT_SELFPOWER,

  .bMaxPower = 1, /* self-powered */

  };

  static const struct usb_interface_descriptor loopback_intf = { //接口描述符

  .bLength = sizeof loopback_intf,

  .bDescriptorType = USB_DT_INTERFACE,

  .bNumEndpoints = 1,

  .bInterfaceClass = USB_CLASS_VENDOR_SPEC,

  .iInterface = STRING_LOOPBACK,

  };

  /* static strings, in UTF-8 */

  #define STRING_MANUFACTURER 25

  #define STRING_PRODUCT 42

  #define STRING_SERIAL 101

  #define STRING_SOURCE_SINK 250

  #define STRING_LOOPBACK 251

  static char manufacturer[50];

  /* default serial number takes at least two packets */

  static char serial[] = "0123456789.0123456789.0123456789";

  static struct usb_string strings[] = { //字符串描述符

  { STRING_MANUFACTURER, manufacturer, },

  { STRING_PRODUCT, longname, },

  { STRING_SERIAL, serial, },

  { STRING_LOOPBACK, loopback, },

  { STRING_SOURCE_SINK, source_sink, },

  { } /* end of list */

  };

  static struct usb_gadget_strings stringtab = {

  .language = 0x0409, /* en-us */

  .strings = strings,

  };

  static const struct usb_descriptor_header *fs_loopback_function[] = {

  (struct usb_descriptor_header *) &loopback_intf,

  (struct usb_descriptor_header *) &fs_sink_desc,

  NULL,

  };

  static int

  usb_zero_open (struct inode *inode, struct file *file) //打开设备

  {

  struct zero_dev *dev =

  container_of (inode->i_cdev, struct zero_dev, cdev);

  file->private_data = dev;

  init_waitqueue_head (&dev->bulkrq);

  return 0;

  }

  static int

  usb_zero_release (struct inode *inode, struct file *file) //关闭设备

  {

  return 0;

  }

  static void free_ep_req(struct usb_ep *ep, struct usb_request *req)

  {

  kfree(req->buf);

  usb_ep_free_request(ep, req);

  }

  static struct usb_request *alloc_ep_req(struct usb_ep *ep, unsigned length)//分配请求

  {

  struct usb_request *req;

  req = usb_ep_alloc_request(ep, GFP_ATOMIC);

  if (req) {

  req->length = length;

  req->buf = kmalloc(length, GFP_ATOMIC);

  if (!req->buf) {

  usb_ep_free_request(ep, req);

  req = NULL;

  }

  }

  return req;

  }

  static void source_sink_complete(struct usb_ep *ep, struct usb_request *req)//请求完成函数

  {

  struct zero_dev *dev = ep->driver_data;

  int status = req->status;

  switch (status) {

  case 0: /* normal completion */

  if (ep == dev->out_ep) {

  memcpy(dev->data, req->buf, req-> actual);//返回数据拷贝到req->buf中,                                                                                                     //dev->data_size=req->length;

  dev->data_size=req->actual; //实际长度为req-> actual;需要确认

  req –>short_not_ok为0。参考gadget.h中关于usb_request结构的注释

  }

  break;

  /* this endpoint is normally active while we're configured */

  case -ECONNABORTED: /* hardware forced ep reset */

  case -ECONNRESET: /* request dequeued */

  case -ESHUTDOWN: /* disconnect from host */

  printk("%s gone (%d), %d/%d\n", ep->name, status,

  req->actual, req->length);

  case -EOVERFLOW: /* buffer overrun on read means that

  * we didn't provide a big enough

  * buffer.

  */

  default:

  #if 1

  printk("%s complete --> %d, %d/%d\n", ep->name,

  status, req->actual, req->length);

  #endif

  case -EREMOTEIO: /* short read */

  break;

  }

  free_ep_req(ep, req);

  wake_up_interruptible (&dev->bulkrq); //唤醒读函数

  }

  static struct usb_request *source_sink_start_ep(struct usb_ep *ep)//构造并发送读请求

  {

  struct usb_request *req;

  int status;

  //printk("in %s\n",__FUNCTION__);

  req = alloc_ep_req(ep, 128);

  if (!req)

  return NULL;

  memset(req->buf, 0, req->length);

  req->complete = source_sink_complete; //请求完成函数

  status = usb_ep_queue(ep, req, GFP_ATOMIC); //递交请求

  if (status) {

  struct zero_dev *dev = ep->driver_data;

  printk("start %s --> %d\n", ep->name, status);

  free_ep_req(ep, req);

  req = NULL;

  }

  return req;

  }

  ssize_t

  usb_zero_read (struct file * file, const char __user * buf, size_t count,loff_t * f_pos) //读设备

  {

  struct zero_dev *dev =file->private_data;

  struct usb_request *req;

  int status;

  struct usb_ep *ep;

  struct usb_gadget *gadget = dev->gadget;

  ssize_t ret = 0;

  int result;

  ep=dev->out_ep;

  source_sink_start_ep(ep);//构造、递交读请求

  if (count < 0)

  return -EINVAL;

  interruptible_sleep_on (&dev->bulkrq);//睡眠,等到请求完成

  if (copy_to_user (buf,dev->data,dev->data_size)) //拷贝读取的数据到用户空间

  {

  ret = -EFAULT;

  }

  else

  {

  ret = dev->data_size;

  }

  return ret;

  }

  struct file_operations usb_zero_fops = {

  .owner = THIS_MODULE,

  .read = usb_zero_read,

  .open = usb_zero_open,

  .release = usb_zero_release,

  };

  static void

  usb_zero_setup_cdev (struct zero_dev *dev, int minor)//注册字符设备驱动

  {

  int err, devno = MKDEV (usb_zero_major, minor);

  cdev_init(&dev->cdev, &usb_zero_fops);

  dev->cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE;

  err = cdev_add (&dev->cdev, devno, 1);

  if (err)

  printk ("Error adding usb_rcv\n");

  }

  static void zero_setup_complete(struct usb_ep *ep, struct usb_request *req)//配置端点0的请求

  完成处理

  {

  if (req->status || req->actual != req->length)

  printk("setup complete --> %d, %d/%d\n",

  req->status, req->actual, req->length);

  }

  static void zero_reset_config(struct zero_dev *dev) //复位配置

  {

  usb_ep_disable(dev->out_ep);

  dev->out_ep = NULL;

  }

  static void zero_disconnect(struct usb_gadget *gadget)//卸载驱动时被调用,做一些注销工作

  {

  struct zero_dev *dev = get_gadget_data(gadget);

  unsigned long flags;

  unregister_chrdev_region (MKDEV (usb_zero_major, 0), 1);

  cdev_del (&(dev->cdev));

  zero_reset_config(dev);

  printk("in %s\n",__FUNCTION__);

  }

  static int config_buf(struct usb_gadget *gadget,

  u8 *buf, u8 type, unsigned index)

  {

  //int is_source_sink;

  int len;

  const struct usb_descriptor_header **function;

  int hs = 0;

  function =fs_loopback_function;//根据fs_loopback_function,得到长度,

  //此处len=配置(9)+1个接口(9)+1个端点(7)=25

  len = usb_gadget_config_buf(&loopback_config,

  buf, USB_BUFSIZ, function);

  if (len < 0)

  return len;

  ((struct usb_config_descriptor *) buf)->bDescriptorType = type;

  return len;

  }

  static int set_loopback_config(struct zero_dev *dev)

  {

  int result = 0;

  struct usb_ep *ep;

  struct usb_gadget *gadget = dev->gadget;

  ep=dev->out_ep;

  const struct usb_endpoint_descriptor *d;

  d = &fs_sink_desc;

  result = usb_ep_enable(ep, d); //激活端点

  //printk("");

  if (result == 0) {

  printk("connected\n"); //如果成功,打印“connected”

  }

  else

  printk("can't enable %s, result %d\n", ep->name, result);

  return result;

  }

  static int zero_set_config(struct zero_dev *dev, unsigned number)

  {

  int result = 0;

  struct usb_gadget *gadget = dev->gadget;

  result = set_loopback_config(dev);//激活设备

  if (result)

  zero_reset_config(dev); //复位设备

  else {

  char *speed;

  switch (gadget->speed) {

  case USB_SPEED_LOW: speed = "low"; break;

  case USB_SPEED_FULL: speed = "full"; break;

  case USB_SPEED_HIGH: speed = "high"; break;

  default: speed = " "; break;

  }

  }

  return result;

  }

  /***

  zero_setup完成USB设置阶段和具体功能相关的交互部分

  ***/

  static int

  zero_setup(struct usb_gadget *gadget, const struct usb_ctrlrequest *ctrl)

  {

  struct zero_dev *dev = get_gadget_data(gadget);

  struct usb_request *req = dev->req;

  int value = -EOPNOTSUPP;

  u16 w_index = le16_to_cpu(ctrl->wIndex);

  u16 w_value = le16_to_cpu(ctrl->wValue);

  u16 w_length = le16_to_cpu(ctrl->wLength);

  /* usually this stores reply data in the pre-allocated ep0 buffer,

  * but config change events will reconfigure hardware.

  */

  req->zero = 0;

  switch (ctrl->bRequest) {

  case USB_REQ_GET_DESCRIPTOR: //获取描述符

  if (ctrl->bRequestType != USB_DIR_IN)

  goto unknown;

  switch (w_value >> 8) {

  case USB_DT_DEVICE: //获取设备描述符

  value = min(w_length, (u16) sizeof device_desc);

  memcpy(req->buf, &device_desc, value);

  break;

  case USB_DT_CONFIG: //获取配置,注意:会根据fs_loopback_function读取到接口、端点描述符,注意通过config_buf完成读取数据及数量的统计。

  value = config_buf(gadget, req->buf,

  w_value >> 8,

  w_value & 0xff);

  if (value >= 0)

  value = min(w_length, (u16) value);

  break;

  case USB_DT_STRING:

  value = usb_gadget_get_string(&stringtab,

  w_value & 0xff, req->buf);

  if (value >= 0)

  value = min(w_length, (u16) value);

  break;

  }

  break;

  case USB_REQ_SET_CONFIGURATION:

  if (ctrl->bRequestType != 0)

  goto unknown;

  spin_lock(&dev->lock);

  value = zero_set_config(dev, w_value);//激活相应的端点

  spin_unlock(&dev->lock);

  break;

  default:

  unknown:

  printk(

  "unknown control req%02x.%02x v%04x i%04x l%d\n",

  ctrl->bRequestType, ctrl->bRequest,

  w_value, w_index, w_length);

  }

  /* respond with data transfer before status phase */

  if (value >= 0) {

  req->length = value;

  req->zero = value < w_length;

  value = usb_ep_queue(gadget->ep0, req, GFP_ATOMIC);//通过端点0完成setup

  if (value < 0) {

  printk("ep_queue --> %d\n", value);

  req->status = 0;

  zero_setup_complete(gadget->ep0, req);

  }

  }

  /* device either stalls (value < 0) or reports success */

  return value;

  }

  static void zero_unbind(struct usb_gadget *gadget) //解除绑定

  {

  struct zero_dev *dev = get_gadget_data(gadget);

  printk("unbind\n");

  unregister_chrdev_region (MKDEV (usb_zero_major, 0), 1);

  cdev_del (&(dev->cdev));

  /* we've already been disconnected ... no i/o is active */

  if (dev->req) {

  dev->req->length = USB_BUFSIZ;

  free_ep_req(gadget->ep0, dev->req);

  }

  kfree(dev);

  set_gadget_data(gadget, NULL);

  }

  static int __init zero_bind(struct usb_gadget *gadget) //绑定过程

  {

  struct zero_dev *dev;

  struct usb_ep *ep;

  int gcnum;

  usb_ep_autoconfig_reset(gadget);

  ep = usb_ep_autoconfig(gadget, &fs_sink_desc);//根据端点描述符及控制器端点情况,分配一个合适的端点。

  if (!ep)

  goto enomem;

  EP_OUT_NAME = ep->name; //记录名称

  gcnum = usb_gadget_controller_number(gadget);//获得控制器代号

  if (gcnum >= 0)

  device_desc.bcdDevice = cpu_to_le16(0x0200 + gcnum);//赋值设备描述符

  else {

  pr_warning("%s: controller '%s' not recognized\n",

  shortname, gadget->name);

  device_desc.bcdDevice = __constant_cpu_to_le16(0x9999);

  }

  dev = kzalloc(sizeof(*dev), GFP_KERNEL); //分配设备结构体

  if (!dev)

  return -ENOMEM;

  spin_lock_init(&dev->lock);

  dev->gadget = gadget;

  set_gadget_data(gadget, dev);

  dev->req = usb_ep_alloc_request(gadget->ep0, GFP_KERNEL);//分配一个请求

  if (!dev->req)

  goto enomem;

  dev->req->buf = kmalloc(USB_BUFSIZ, GFP_KERNEL);

  if (!dev->req->buf)

  goto enomem;

  dev->req->complete = zero_setup_complete;

  dev->out_ep=ep; //记录端点(就是接收host端数据的端点)

  printk("name=%s\n",dev->out_ep->name); //打印出这个端点的名称

  ep->driver_data=dev;

  device_desc.bMaxPacketSize0 = gadget->ep0->maxpacket;

  usb_gadget_set_selfpowered(gadget);

  gadget->ep0->driver_data = dev;

  snprintf(manufacturer, sizeof manufacturer, "%s %s with %s",

  init_utsname()->sysname, init_utsname()->release,

  gadget->name);

  /**************************字符设备注册*******************/

  dev_t usb_zero_dev = MKDEV (usb_zero_major, 0);

  int result = register_chrdev_region (usb_zero_dev, 1, "usb_zero");

  if (result < 0)

  {

  printk (KERN_NOTICE "Unable to get usb_transfer region, error %d\n",result);

  return 0;

  }

  usb_zero_setup_cdev (dev, 0);

  return 0;

  enomem:

  zero_unbind(gadget);

  return -ENOMEM;

  }

  /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  static struct usb_gadget_driver zero_driver = { //gadget驱动的数据结构

  #ifdef CONFIG_USB_GADGET_DUALSPEED

  .speed = USB_SPEED_HIGH,

  #else

  .speed = USB_SPEED_FULL,

  #endif

  .function = (char *) longname,

  .bind = zero_bind,

  .unbind = __exit_p(zero_unbind),

  .setup = zero_setup,

  .disconnect = zero_disconnect,

  //.suspend = zero_suspend, //不考虑电源管理的功能

  //.resume = zero_resume,

  .driver = {

  .name = (char *) shortname,

  .owner = THIS_MODULE,

  },

  };

  MODULE_AUTHOR("David Brownell");

  MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");

  static int __init init(void)

  {

  return usb_gadget_register_driver(&zero_driver); //注册驱动,调用bind绑定到控制器

  }

  module_init(init);

  static void __exit cleanup(void)

  {

  usb_gadget_unregister_driver(&zero_driver); //注销驱动,通常会调用到unbind解除绑定, //在s3c2410_udc.c中调用的是disconnect方法

  }

  module_exit(cleanup);

  三、总结

  时间关系,上面的代码没有做太多的优化,但功能都是测试通过。希望能给大家的学习提供一点帮助。想谈谈学习USB驱动的一些方法。

  USB驱动比较难掌握,主要原因是:

  复杂的USB协议,包括USB基本协议、类规范等

  控制器包括主机端、设备端。控制器本身相对复杂,其对应的主、从控制器驱动比较复杂

  Hub功能及驱动、管理程序比较复杂

  需要的硬件测试工具,硬件信号调试较困难

  主、从端上层驱动程序本身不难,但由于对硬件不理解,及不好编写测试程序。所以往往望而却步。 我觉得学习USB驱动前应该有一个比较好的思路,个人建议可以按下面的过程学习

  熟悉USB协议。不用看完所有的协议,重点关注一些概念、配置过程及数据包格式

  “本文由华清远见https://www.embedu.org/index.htm提供”



  
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