*供*应*服*务*器* * *网*络*放*大*器* *读*卡*器*

*品*牌*:*X*J*K*S*E*R*V*E*R* *型*号*:*8*8*0*0* *服*务*器*类*型*:*机*架*式* *C*P*U*:*1* *C*P*U*主*频*:*1*0*0*（*G*H*z*）* *标*配*C*P*U*个*数*:*2*个* ***大*C*P*U*个*数*:*3*2*个* *内*存*类*型*:*C*P*U* *支*持*内*存*容*量*:*1*0*（*G*B*）* *重*量*:*0*.*0*1*（*k*g*）* *质*保*:*一*年*（*年*）*<*b*r* *>*<*p*>*运*算*放*大*器*工*作*原*理*,*分*类*及*特*点*介*绍*<*b*r* */*>*1*．* *模*拟*运*放*的*分*类*及*特*点*<*/*p*>*<*p*>* * * * *模*拟*运*算*放*大*器*从*诞*生*至*今*，*已*有*4*0*多*年*的*历*史*了*。***早*的*工*艺*是*采*用*硅*N*P*N*工*艺*，*后*来*改*进*为*硅*N*P*N*-*P*N*P*工*艺*（*后*面*称*为*标*准*硅*工*艺*）*。*在*结*型*场*效*应*管*技*术*成*熟*后*，*又*进*一*步*的*加*入*了*结*型*场*效*应*管*工*艺*。*当*M*O*S*管*技*术*成*熟*后*，***是*C*M*O*S*技*术*成*熟*后*，*模*拟*运*算*放*大*器*有*了*质*的*飞*跃*，*一*方*面*解*决*了*低*功*耗*的*问*题*，*另*一*方*面*通*过*混*合*模*拟*与*数*字*电*路*技*术*，*解*决*了*直*流*小*信*号*直*接*处*理*的*难*题*。*<*b*r* */*>* * * * *经*过*多*年*的*发*展*，*模*拟*运*算*放*大*器*技*术*已*经*很*成*熟*，*性*能*曰*臻*完*善*，*品*种***多*。*这*使*得*初*学*者*选*用*时*不*知*如*何*是*好*。*为*了*便*于*初*学*者*选*用*，*本*文*对*集*成*模*拟*运*算*放*大*器*采*用*工*艺*分*类*法*和*功*能*/*性*能*分*类*分*类*法*等*两*种*分*类*方*法*，*便*于*读*者*理*解*，*可*能*与*通*常*的*分*类*方*法*有*所*不*同*。*<*/*p*>*<*p*>*1*．*1*．*根*据*制*造*工*艺*分*类*<*b*r* */*>* * * * *根*据*制*造*工*艺*，*目*前*在*使*用*中*的*集*成*模*拟*运*算*放*大*器*可*以*分*为*标*准*硅*工*艺*运*算*放*大*器*、*在*标*准*硅*工*艺*中*加*入*了*结*型*场*效*应*管*工*艺*的*运*算*放*大*器*、*在*标*准*硅*工*艺*中*加*入*了*M*O*S*工*艺*的*运*算*放*大*器*。*按*照*工*艺*分*类*，*是*为*了*便*于*初*学*者*了*解*加*工*工*艺*对*集*成*模*拟*运*算*放*大*器*性*能*的*影*响*，*快*速*掌*握*运*放*的*特*点*。*<*b*r* */*>* * * * *标*准*硅*工*艺*的*集*成*模*拟*运*算*放*大*器*的*特*点*是*开*环*输*入*阻***低*，*输*入*噪*声*低*、*增*益*稍*低*、*成*本*低*，*精*度*不*太*高*，*功*耗*较*高*。*这*是*由*于*标*准*硅*工*艺*的*集*成*模*拟*运*算*放*大*器*内*部***采*用*N*P*N*-*P*N*P*管*，*它*们*是*电*流*型*器*件*，*输*入*阻***低*，*输*入*噪*声*低*、*增*益*低*、*功*耗*高*的*特*点*，*即*使*输*入*级*采*用*多*种*技*术*改*进*，*在*兼*顾*起*啊*挺*能*的*前*提*下*仍*然*无*法***输*入*阻***低*的*问*题*，*典*型*开*环*输*入*阻***在*1*M*欧*姆*数*量*级*。*为*了*顾*及*频*率*特*性*，*中*间*增*益*级*不*能*过*多*，*使*得*总*增*益*偏*小*，*一*般*在*8*0*~*1*1*0*d*B*之*间*。*标*准*硅*工*艺*可*以*结*合*激*光*修*正*技*术*，*使*集*成*模*拟*运*算*放*大*器*的*精*度*大*大***，*温*度*漂*移*指*标*目*前*可*以***0*.*1*5*p*p*m*。*通*过*变*更*标*准*硅*工*艺*，*可*以*设*计*出*通*用*运*放*和***运*放*。*典*型*代*表*是*L*M*3*2*4*。*<*b*r* */*>* * * * *在*标*准*硅*工*艺*中*加*入*了*结*型*场*效*应*管*工*艺*的*运*算*放*大*器*主*要*是*将*标*准*硅*工*艺*的*集*成*模*拟*运*算*放*大*器*的*输*入*级*改*进*为*结*型*场*效*应*管*，*大*大***运*放*的*开*环*输*入*阻***，*顺*带***通*用*运*放*的*转*换*速*度*，*其*它*与*标*准*硅*工*艺*的*集*成*模*拟*运*算*放*大*器*类*似*。*典*型*开*环*输*入*阻***在*1*0*0*0*M*欧*姆*数*量*级*。*典*型*代*表*是*T*L*0*8*4*。*<*b*r* */*>*在*标*准*硅*工*艺*中*加*入*了*M*O*S*场*效*应*管*工*艺*的*运*算*放*大*器*分*为*三*类*，*一*类*是*是*将*标*准*硅*工*艺*的*集*成*模*拟*运*算*放*大*器*的*输*入*级*改*进*为*M*O*S*场*效*应*管*，*比*结*型*场*效*应*管*大*大***运*放*的*开*环*输*入*阻***，*顺*带***通*用*运*放*的*转*换*速*度*，*其*它*与*标*准*硅*工*艺*的*集*成*模*拟*运*算*放*大*器*类*似*。*典*型*开*环*输*入*阻***在*1*0*^*1*2*欧*姆*数*量*级*。*典*型*代*表*是*C*A*3*1*4*0*。*<*/*p*>*<*p*>* * * * *第*二*类*是*采*用*全*M*O*S*场*效*应*管*工*艺*的*模*拟*运*算*放*大*器*，*它*大*大*降*低*了*功*耗*，*但*是*电*源*电*压*降*低*，*功*耗*大*大*降*低*，*它*的*典*型*开*环*输*入*阻***在*1*0*^*1*2*欧*姆*数*量*级*。*<*b*r* */*>*第*三*类*是*采*用*全*M*O*S*场*效*应*管*工*艺*的*模*拟*数*字*混*合*运*算*放*大*器*，*采*用*所*谓*斩*波*稳***技*术*，*主*要*用*于***直*流*信*号*的*处*理*精*度*，*输*入*失*调*电*压*可*以*** *0*.*0*1*u*V*，*温*度*漂*移*指*标*目*前*可*以***0*.*0*2*p*p*m*。*在*处*理*直*流*信*号*方*面*接*近*理*想*运*放*特*性*。*它*的*典*型*开*环*输*入*阻***在*1*0*^*1*2*欧*姆*数*量*级*。*典*型*产*品*是* *I*C*L*7*6*5*0*。*<*/*p*>*<*p*>*1*．*2*．*按*照*功*能*/*性*能*分*类*<*b*r* */*>*本*分*类*方*法*参*考*了*《*中*国*集*成*电*路*大*全*》*集*成*运*算*放*大*器*。*<*b*r* */*>*按*照*功*能*/*性*能*分*类*，*模*拟*运*算*放*大*器*一*般*可*分*为*通*用*运*放*、*低*功*耗*运*放*、*精*密*运*放*、*高*输*入*阻***运*放*、***运*放*、*宽*带*运*放*、*高*压*运*放*，*另*外*还*有*一*些***运*放*，*例*如*程*控*运*放*、*电*流*运*放*、*电*压*跟*随*器*等*等*。*实*际*上*由*于*为*了*满*足*应*用*需*要*，*运*放*种*类***多*。*本*文*以*上*述*简*单*分*类*法*为*准*。*<*b*r* */*>*需*要*说*明*的*是*，*随*着*技*术*的*进*步*，*上*述*分*类*的*门*槛*一*直*在*变*化*。*例*如*以*前*的*L*M*1*0*8***初*是*归*入*精*密*运*放*类*，*现*在*只*能*归*入*通*用*运*放*了*。*另*外*，*有*些*运*放*同*时*具*有*低*功*耗*和*高*输*入*阻***，*或*者*与*此*类*似*，*这*样*就*可*能*同*时*归*入*多*个*类*中*。*<*/*p*>*<*p*>*通*用*运*放*实*际*就*是*具*有***基*本*功*能*的***廉*价*的*运*放*。*这*类*运*放*用*途*广*泛*，*使*用*量***大*。*<*/*p*>*<*p*>*低*功*耗*运*放*是*在*通*用*运*放*的*基*础*上*大*降*低*了*功*耗*，*可*以*用*于*对*功*耗*有*限*制*的*场*所*，*例*如*手*持*设*备*。*它*具*有*静*态*功*耗*低*、*工*作*电*压*可*以***接*近*电*池*电*压*、*在*低*电*压*下*还*能*保*持*良*好*的*电*气*性*能*。*随*着*M*O*S*技*术*的*进*步*，*低*功*耗*运*放*已*经*不*是*个*别*现*象*。*低*功*耗*运*放*的*静*态*功*耗*一*般*低*于*1*m*W*。*<*b*r* */*>*精*密*运*放*是*指*漂*移*和*噪*声***低*、*增*益*和*共*模*抑*制*比***高*的*集*成*运*放*，*也*称*作*低*漂*移*运*放*或*低*噪*声*运*放*。*这*类*运*放*的*温*度*漂*移*一*般*低*于*1*u*V*/*摄*氏*度*。*由*于*技*术*进*步*的*原*因*，*早*期*的*部*分*运*放*的*失*调*电*压*比*较*高*，*可*能***1*m*V*；*现*在*精*密*运*放*的*失*调*电*压*可*以***0*.*1*m*V*；*采*用*斩*波*稳***技*术*的*精*密*运*放*的*失*调*电*压*可*以***0*.*0*0*5*m*V*。*精*密*运*放*主*要*用*于*对*放*大*处*理*精*度*有*要*求*的*地*方*，*例*如*自*控*仪*表*等*等*。*<*b*r* */*>*高*输*入*阻***运*放*一*般*是*指*采*用*结*型*场*效*应*管*或*是*M*O*S*管*做*输*入*级*的*集*成*运*放*，*这*包*括*了*全*M*O*S*管*做*的*集*成*运*放*。*高*输*入*阻***运*放*的*输*入*阻***一*般*大*于*1*0*9*欧*姆*。*作*为*高*输*入*阻***运*放*的*一*个*附*带*特*性*就*是*转*换*速*度*比*较*高*。*高*输*入*阻***运*放*用*途*十*分*广*泛*，*例*如*采*样*保*持*电*路*、*积*分*器*、*对*数*放*大*器*、*测*量*放*大*器*、*带*通*滤*波*器*等*等*。*<*/*p*>*<*p*>***运*放*是*指*转*换*速*度*较*高*的*运*放*。*一*般*转*换*速*度*在*1*0*0*V*/*u*s*以*上*。***运*放*用*于***A*D*/*D*A*转*换*器*、***滤*波*器*、***采*样*保*持*、*锁*相*环*电*路*、*模*拟*乘***、***比*较*器*、*视*频*电*路*中*。*目*前***高*转*换*速*度*已*经*可*以*做*到*6*0*0*0*V*/*u*s*。*<*/*p*>*<*p*>*宽*带*运*放*是*指*-*3*d*B*带*宽*（*B*W*）*比*通*用*运*放*宽*得*多*的*集*成*运*放*。*很*多***运*放*都*具*有*较*宽*的*带*宽*，*也*可*以*称*作***宽*带*运*放*。*这*个*分*类*是*相*对*的*，*同*一*个*运*放*在*不*同*使*用*条*件*下*的*分*类*可*能*有*所*不*同*。*宽*带*运*放*主*要*用*于*处*理*输*入*信*号*的*带*宽*较*宽*的*电*路*。*<*b*r* */*>*高*压*运*放*是*为*了*解*决*高*输*出*电*压*或*高*输*出*功*率*的*要*求*而*设*计*的*。*在*设*计*中*，*主*要*解*决*电*路*的*耐*压*、*动*态*范*围*和*功*耗*的*问*题*。*高*压*运*放*的*电*源*电*压*可*以*高*于*&*p*l*u***n*;*2*0*V*D*C*，*输*出*电*压*可*以*高*于*&*p*l*u***n*;*2*0*V*D*C*。*当*然*，*高*压*运*放*可*以*用*通*用*运*放*在*输*出*后*面*外*扩*晶*体*管*/*M*O*S*管*来*代*替*。*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*运*算*放*大*器*原*理* *运*算*放*大*器*原*理*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*运*算*放*大*器*（*O*p*e*r*a*t*i*o*n*a*l* *A*m*p*l*i*f*i*e*r*,*简*称*O*P*、*O*P*A*、*O*P*A*M*P*）*是*一*种*直*流*耦*合*﹐*差*模*（*差*动*模*式*）*输*入*、*通*常*为*单*端*输*出*（*D*i*f*f*e*r*e*n*t*i*a*l*-*i*n*,* *s*i*n*g*l*e*-*e*n*d*e*d* *o*u*t*p*u*t*）*的*高*增*益*（*g*a*i*n*）*电*压*放*大*器*，*因*为*刚*开*始*主*要*用*于*加*法*，*乘*法*等*运*算*电*路*中*，*因*而*得*名*。*一*个*理*想*的*运*算*放*大*器***须*具*备*下*列*特*性*：*无*限*大*的* *输*入*阻***、*等*于***的*输*出*阻***、*无*限*大*的*开*回*路*增*益*、*无*限*大*的*共*模*排*斥*比*的*部*分*、*无*限*大*的*频*宽*。***基*本*的*运*算*放*大*器*如*图*1*-*1*。*一*个*运*算*放*大*器*模*组*一*般*包*括* *一*个*正*输*入*端*(*O*P*_*P*)*、*一*个*负*输*入*端*(*O*P*_*N*)*和*一*个*输*出*端*(*O*P*_*O*)*。*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*<*i*m*g* *o*n*e*r*r*o*r*=*"*t*h*i*s*.*s*r*c*=*'*/*u*p*l*o*a*d*f*i*l*e*/*c*o*m*p*a*n*y*/*b*p*r*o*p*i*c*.*g*i*f*'*"* *s*r*c*=*"*/*u*p*l*o*a*d*f*i*l*e*/*c*o*m*p*a*n*y*/*3*3*0*4*4*8*/*c*1*2*0*1*0*0*8*0*4*0*8*0*8*2*5*7*1*5*1*0*7*9*2*.*j*p*g*"* *t*i*t*l*e*=*"*运*算*放*大*器*的*工*作*原*理* *-* *逍*遥*散*人* *-*逍*遥*散*人*の*家*"* */*>*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *图*1*-*1*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*通*常*使*用*运*算*放*大*器*时*，*会*将*其*输*出*端*与*其*反*相*输*入*端*（*i*n*v*e*r*t*i*n*g* *i*n*p*u*t* *n*o*d*e*）*连*接*，*形*成*一*负*反*馈*（*n*e*g*a*t*i*v*e* *f*e*e*d*b*a*c*k*）*组*态*。*原*因*是*运*算*放*大*器*的*电*压*增*益***大*，*范*围*从*数*百*至*数***不*等*，*使*用*负*反*馈*方*可***电*路*的*稳*定*运*作*。*但*是*这*并*不*代*表*运*算*放*大*器*不*能* *连*接*成*正*回*馈*（*p*o*s*i*t*i*v*e* *f*e*e*d*b*a*c*k*）*，*相*反*地*，*在*很*多*需*要*产*生*震*荡*讯*号*的*系*统*中*，*正*回*馈*组*态*的*运*算*放*大*器*是*很*常*见*的*组*成*元*件*。*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*开*环*回*路*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*<*i*m*g* *o*n*e*r*r*o*r*=*"*t*h*i*s*.*s*r*c*=*'*/*u*p*l*o*a*d*f*i*l*e*/*c*o*m*p*a*n*y*/*b*p*r*o*p*i*c*.*g*i*f*'*"* *s*r*c*=*"*/*u*p*l*o*a*d*f*i*l*e*/*c*o*m*p*a*n*y*/*3*3*0*4*4*8*/*c*2*2*0*1*0*0*8*0*4*0*8*0*8*2*5*7*3*1*1*0*7*9*2*.*j*p*g*"* *t*i*t*l*e*=*"*运*算*放*大*器*的*工*作*原*理* *-* *逍*遥*散*人* *-*逍*遥*散*人*の*家*"* */*>*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>* * * * * * * * * * * *图*1*-*2*开*环*回*路*运*算*放*大*器*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*开*环*回*路*运*算*放*大*器*如*图*1*-*2*。*当*一*个*理*想*运*算*放*大*器*采*用*开*回*路*的*方*式*工*作*时*，*其*输*出*与*输*入* *电*压*的*关*系*式*如*下*：*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*<*e*m*>*V*o*u*t*<*/*e*m*>*=* *(*<*e*m*>*V*<*/*e*m*>*+* *-*<*e*m*>*V*<*/*e*m*>*-*)* ***<*e*m*>*A*o*g*<*/*e*m*>*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*其*中*A*o*g*代*表*运*算*放*大*器*的*开*环*回*路*差*动*增*益*（*o*p*e*n*-*l*o*o*p* *d*i*f*f*e*r*e*n*t*i*a*l* *g*a*i*由*于*运*算*放*大*器*的*开*环*回*路*增*益***高*，*因*此*就*算*输*入*端*的*差*动*讯*号*很*小*，*仍*然*会*让*输*出*讯*号*「*饱*和*」*（*s*a*t*u*r*a*t*i*o*n*）*，*导*致*非*线*性*的*失*真*出*现*。* *因*此*运*算*放*大*器*很*少*以*开*环*回*路*出*现*在*电*路*系*统*中*，*少*数*的*例*外*是*用*运*算*放*大*器*做*比*较*器*（*c*o*m*p*a*r*a*t*o*r*）*，*比*较*器*的*输*出*通*常*为*逻*辑*准*位*元*的*「*0*」*与* *「*1*」*。*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*闭*环*负*反*馈*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*将*运*算*放*大*器*的*反*向*输*入*端*与*输*出*端*连*接*起*来*，*放*大*器*电*路*就*处*在*负*反*馈*组*态*的*状*况*，*此*时*通*常*可* *以*将*电*路*简*单*地*称*为*闭*环*放*大*器*。*闭*环*放*大*器*依*据*输*入*讯*号*进*入*放*大*器*的*端*点*，*又*可*分*为*反*相*（*i*n*v*e*r*t*i*n*g*）*放*大*器*与*非*反*相*（*n*o*n*-* *i*n*v*e*r*t*i*n*g*）*放*大*器*两*种*。*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*反*相*闭*环*放*大*器*如*图*1*-*3*。*假*设*这*个*闭*环*放*大*器*使*用*理*想*的*运*算*放*大*器*，*则*因*为*其*开*环*增*益*为*无* *限*大*，*所*以*运*算*放*大*器*的*两*输*入*端*为*虚*接*地*（*v*i*r*t*u*a*l* *g*r*o*u*n*d*）*，*其*输*出*与*输*入*电*压*的*关*系*式*如*下*：*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*V*o*u*t* *=* *-*(*R*f* */* *R*i*n*)* *** *V*i*n*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*<*i*m*g* *o*n*e*r*r*o*r*=*"*t*h*i*s*.*s*r*c*=*'*/*u*p*l*o*a*d*f*i*l*e*/*c*o*m*p*a*n*y*/*b*p*r*o*p*i*c*.*g*i*f*'*"* *s*r*c*=*"*/*u*p*l*o*a*d*f*i*l*e*/*c*o*m*p*a*n*y*/*3*3*0*4*4*8*/*c*3*2*0*1*0*0*8*0*4*0*8*0*8*2*5*7*3*1*1*0*7*9*2*.*j*p*g*"* *t*i*t*l*e*=*"*运*算*放*大*器*的*工*作*原*理* *-* *逍*遥*散*人* *-*逍*遥*散*人*の*家*"* */*>*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *图*1*-*3*反*相*闭*环*放*大*器*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*非*反*相*闭*环*放*大*器*如*图*1*-*4*。*假*设*这*个*闭*环*放*大*器*使*用*理*想*的*运*算*放*大*器*，*则*因*为*其*开*环*增*益*为* *无*限*大*，*所*以*运*算*放*大*器*的*两*输*入*端*电*压*差*几*乎*为***，*其*输*出*与*输*入*电*压*的*关*系*式*如*下*：*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*V*o*u*t* *=* *(*(*R*2* */* *R*1*)* *+* *1*)* *** *V*i*n*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*<*i*m*g* *o*n*e*r*r*o*r*=*"*t*h*i*s*.*s*r*c*=*'*/*u*p*l*o*a*d*f*i*l*e*/*c*o*m*p*a*n*y*/*b*p*r*o*p*i*c*.*g*i*f*'*"* *s*r*c*=*"*/*u*p*l*o*a*d*f*i*l*e*/*c*o*m*p*a*n*y*/*3*3*0*4*4*8*/*c*4*2*0*1*0*0*8*0*4*0*8*0*8*2*5*7*3*1*1*0*7*9*2*.*j*p*g*"* *t*i*t*l*e*=*"*运*算*放*大*器*的*工*作*原*理* *-* *逍*遥*散*人* *-*逍*遥*散*人*の*家*"* */*>*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>* * * * * * * * * * * * * *图*1*-*4*非*反*相*闭*环*放*大*器*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*闭*环*正*回*馈*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*将*运*算*放*大*器*的*正*向*输*入*端*与*输*出*端*连*接*起*来*，*放*大*器*电*路*就*处*在*正*回*馈*的*状*况*，*由*于*正*回*馈*组*态* *工*作*于*一***不*稳*定*的*状*态*，*多*应*用*于*需*要*产*生*震*荡*讯*号*的*应*用*中*。* *理*想*运*放*和*理*想*运*放*条*件*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*在*分*析*和*综*合*运*放*应*用*电*路*时*，*大*多*数*情*况*下*，*可*以*将*集*成*运*放*看*成*一*个*理*想*运*算*放*大*器*。*理*想*运* *放*顾*名*思*义*是*将*集*成*运*放*的*各*项*技*术*指*标*理*想*化*。*由*于*实*际*运*放*的*技*术*指*标*比*较*接*近*理*想*运*放*，*因*此*由*理*想*化*带*来*的*误*差***小*，*在*一*般*的*工*程*计*算*中*可*以*忽*略*。*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*理*想*运*放*各*项*技*术*指*标*具*体*如*下*：*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*1*．*开*环*差*模*电*压*放*大*倍*数*<*e*m*>*A*o*d*<*/*e*m*>*=* *&*i*n*f*i*n*;*；*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*2*．*输*入*电*阻*<*e*m*>*R*i*d*<*/*e*m*>*=* *&*i*n*f*i*n*;*；*输*出*电*阻*R*<*e*m*>*o*d*<*/*e*m*>*=*0*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*3*．*输*入*偏*置*电*流*I*B*1*=*I*B*2*=*0* *；*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*4*．*失*调*电*压*U*I*O* *、*失*调*电*流*I*I*O* *、*失*调*电*压*温*漂*<*i*m*g* 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*s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*实*际*运*放*的*参*数***如*下*水*平*即*可*以*按*理*想*运*放*对*待*：*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*电*压*放*大*倍*数***1*0*4*～*1*0*5*倍*；*输*入*电*阻***1*0*5*&*O*m*e*g*a*;*；*输*出*电*阻*小*于*几*百*欧*姆*；* *外*电*路*中*的*电*流*远*大*于*偏*置*电*流*；*失*调*电*压*、*失*调*电*流*及*其*温*漂*很*小*，*造*成*电*路*的*漂*移*在*允*许*范*围*之*内*，*电*路*的*稳*定*性***合*要*求*即*可*；*输*入***小*信*号*时*，*有***信*噪* *比*，*共*模*抑*制*比*大*于*等*于*6*0*d*B*；*带*宽***合*电*路*带*宽*要*求*即*可*。*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*运*算*放*大*器*中*的*虚*短*和*虚*断*含*意*<*/*p*>*<*p* *s*t*y*l*e*=*"*T*E*X*T*-*I*N*D*E*N*T*:* *2*e*m*"*>*理*想*运*放*工*作*在*线*性*区*时*可*以*得*出*二*条*重*要*的*结*论*：*<*/*p*>*